
石油天然气是人类社会发展进步重要的能源基础,最常见的汽车燃油、家用天然气便是由此而来,除此之外,塑料制品、柏油马路、衣服面料、清洁用品、化妆品、医药用品、燃气发电等等,都离不开石油天然气。可以毫不夸张地说,石油天然气已经渗透进了我们生活的每个角落,与我们的衣食住行息息相关。据统计,人的一生要“吃”掉551 Kg石油、“穿”掉290 Kg石油、“住”掉3790 Kg石油、“行”掉3838 Kg石油。因此,我们有必要正确认识石油天然气是从何而来,又是如何为人类所用。
从大约5亿年前地球上出现生命开始,石油也准备着登上历史舞台。最早的地球生命诞生在海洋,然后逐渐演化并向陆地发展。

生长在海洋或湖泊里的动植物死亡后,其“遗体”伴随着水中的泥沙一起慢慢沉入水底并逐渐堆积起来,而后在微生物的参与下发生腐烂分解形成沉积有机质。在这一过程中,部分有机质被微生物直接分解,形成以甲烷为主的生物气。

随着沉积层越来越厚,下部的沉积物在上覆沉积物的压力下被压扁、固结,形成沉积岩。先前形成并保留下来的部分有机质与泥砂一起被压实,形成富含有机质的生油岩。

随着地壳运动,海水退去,沉积岩地层形成褶皱,并产生断裂。当富含有机质的生油岩随着地壳沉降达到一定深度时,开始生成大量油气。油气最先充满生油岩,随后沿着断裂或裂缝向上运移,当油气充满与生油岩紧密相连的致密岩石后,便形成了非常规油气藏。

剩余的油气运移到合适的部位,由于上部及四周具有致密非渗透的盖层遮挡,油气无法继续向其他部位运移而被圈闭其中,最终形成天然气居顶部、石油居中、水居底部的常规油气藏。
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